Course Outline of Record

Item	Value
Curriculum Committee Approval Date	12/08/2021
Top Code	040300 - MicroBiology
Units	5 Total Units
Hours	162 Total Hours (Lecture Hours 54; Lab Hours 108)
Total Outside of Class Hours	0
Course Credit Status	Credit: Degree Applicable (D)
Material Fee	Yes
Basic Skills	Not Basic Skills (N)
Repeatable	No
Grading Policy	Standard Letter (S)
Associate Arts Local General Education (GE)	OC Physical/Biological Sci - AA (OB)
Associate Science Local General Education (GE)	OCC Physical/Biological Sci-AS (OSB)
California General Education Transfer Curriculum (Cal-GETC)	Cal-GETC 5B Biological Sciences (5B) Cal-GETC 5C Laboratory Activity (5C)
Intersegmental General Education Transfer Curriculum (IGETC)	IGETC 5B Biological Sciences (5B) IGETC 5C Laboratory Activity (5C)
California State University General Education Breadth (CSU GE-Breadth)	CSU B2 Life Science (B2) CSU B3 Laboratory Activity (B3)

Course Description

Fundamentals of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and virology. Includes food, water and medical microbiology, factors in resistance, infection, and disease. Human normal flora and the immune response are included. Microbial ecology, genetics, and bioenergetics are covered. Recommended for biological science majors. Transfer Credit: CSU; UC.

Course Level Student Learning Outcome(s)

1. Demonstrate appropriate laboratory skills and techniques related to the isolation, staining, identification, assessment of metabolism, and control of microorganisms.
2. Evaluate the physical and chemical methods used in the control of microorganisms and apply this understanding to the prevention and control of infectious diseases when given a scenario.
3. Discuss and diagram the role of the immune system in maintaining homeostasis, challenging infections, and fighting cancer

Course Objectives

• 1. Demonstrate a firm knowledge and understanding of the microbial world and its interaction with and influence by humans.
• 2. Recognize the characteristics of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses, as well as sub-viral forms, with an emphasis on organisms causing human disease and those of special benefit to man.
• 3. Demonstrate both the understanding of and the ability to successfully practice aseptic technique in the microbiology laboratory.
• 4. Explain the principles of and be able to perform laboratory tests necessary to study these organisms including isolation, enumeration, identification and control procedures.
• 5. Demonstrate proficiency in the safe laboratory handling of various bacterial and fungal species.
• 6. Perform various staining techniques and biochemical tests used to identify and study microorganisms in the laboratory.
• 7. Relate and understand the host-parasite relationship, microbial virulence factors and interactions of the human immune system in response to pathogenic challenge.
• 8. Develop an appreciation for the measures available to control microbial growth, both in vivo and in vitro.
• 9. Discuss the importance of microorganisms to all aspects of human life and comprehend the role they play in our basic understanding of many facets of biology; i.e., genetics, reproduction, mutation, bioenergetics, cell anatomy and physiology, etc.
• 10. Recognize and understand the proper measures that can be taken individually to halt the spread of disease, especially if future employment will be in the medical field.

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Lecture Content

COURSE CONTENT AND SCOPE/TOPIC OUTLINE: History and Scope of Microbiology Contributions of various men in the advent of microbiology as an accepted science Cell Theory Germ Theory Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis Introduction to the types of microorganisms Procaryotic Microorganisms Cyanobacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Eucaryotic Microorganisms Fungi (Yeasts and molds) Protozoa Algae Multicellular parasites Acellular forms Viruses Prions Viroids Classification Schemes for lifeforms on earth Whittakers Five Kingdom System Woeses Three Kingdom System Three Domain System Biological Molecules Link between organic and inorganic chemistry Atoms, molecules and compounds Essential elements for life on earth: CHONPS Types of chemical bonds Ionic Covalent Hydrogen Importance of water to life on earth Polarity The pH scale Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Levels of protein structure Structural vs. Regulatory proteins Basic equation for an enzymatic reaction  Nucleic acids DNA vs. RNA - structure and function The two cell types - structure and function Eucaryotic cells Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Cell wall Capsule Flagella Microtubules and microfilaments Cilia Pseudopods Procaryotic cells Nucleoid region Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasmids Cell membrane Cell wall Flagella Endospores Fimbriae F pilus Glycocalyx Microbial growth Growth terms pH  Temperature Osmotic pressure Oxygen requirement Physical and Nutritional requirements Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs The Standard Growth Curve Types of Lab Media Complex vs. Defined Differential Selective Binary Fission in Bacteria Unusual bacteria Spirochetes Spirilla Chlamydia Ricketttsia Intermicrobial relationships Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Synergism Parasitism Antagonism Mycology and Fungal Disease Mold structure - multicellular Hyphae - septate vs. non-septate, aerial, vegetative and rhizoid Mycelium Thallus Fruiting bodies Asexual spores Sporangiospores Conidia/Phialospores Arthrospores Chlamydospores Blastospores Sexual spores Zygospores Ascospores Basidiospores Yeast structure Unicellular Budding Pseudohyphae Cultivation of fungi in the lab Sabouraud dextrose agar Potato dextrose agar Classification of Myceteae Gymnomycota Mastigomycota Amastigoycota  Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidomycota Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfe cti) Four levels of fungal infection Superficial Cutaneous Subcutaneous Systemic Opportunistic fungal infection Significance of Candida albicans Microbial Control Methods and Agents/Sterilization procedures Physical control methods Warm temperature Ovens and boiling Flaming Autoclave Pasteurization Cold temperature Freezing vs. Refrigeration Dessication Low energy vs. High energy radiation Ultraviolet radiation Ionizing or gamma irradiation Chemical agents Antiseptics Disinfectants Sanitizers Methods based on osmotic pressure Chemotherapy Antibiotics Synthetics Antibiotic sensitivity tests - Kirby Bauer vs. MIC Source of antibiotics Enzymes Structure and Function Apoenzymes/holoenzymes Co-factors and coenzymes Substrate, E--S complex, end product Energy of activation Induced fit model Modes of action Production  Constitutive vs. Induced lac operon theory Inhibition Reversible vs. Non-reversible         Competitive vs. Non-competitive End product inhibition (feedback inhibition) Feedback repression Bacterial Metabolism Metabolic pathways ATP - structure and function ATP-ADP cycle Function of carrier molecules - NADH, FADH and NADPH Catabolism and Anabolism Oxidation/reduction reactions Three modes of metabolism< ol> Fermentation Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Glucose metabolism, expanded Glycolysis Two fermentation pathways - alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation Transitional step Krebs cycle Electron Transport System Final H+/e- acceptor Application of metabolism to lab experiments Facultative vs. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic growth Relationship of catabolism to anabolism Concept of “empty calories” Protozoa Unique features - positive and negative associations Role in the food chain Cyst vs. Trophozoite Pellicle Macro- and micronucleus Contractile vacuole Endo- vs. ectoplasm Motility structures Structure and function of common protozoans Amoeba proteus Paramecium caudatum Euglena gracilis Classification of Kingdom Protista, Subkingdom Protozoa Sarcodina Mastigophora (Flagellata) Ciliophora (Ciliata) Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) General Protozoan Lifecycle for Human Intestinal Infection Malaria as an example of a complex lifecycle Diagnosis and Control of protozoan disease O & P procedure Blood smears Flagyl and quinine derivatives Virology Unique features of viruses Structure Animal viruses Bacteriophages Lytic replication cycle Attachment, penetration, replication, assembly and release Lysogenic cycle Integration and induction  Lysogenic conversion Classification of viruses Growth and Cultivation of viruses in the lab < Tissue cultures Chick embryo Genetic tests Animal models The Oncogene Theory Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes Connection to viral infection Discussion of cancer transformation Control of viral infection Role of interferon Role in immunization Cytopathic effect (CPE) Bacterial Genetics Genotype/Genome vs. Phenotype Influence of environment on phenotype Replication DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and RNA primers (Okazaki fragments) Replication fork - leading and lagging strands Helicase and gyrase Complementary base pairing Semi-conservative Anti-parallel Transcription Sense vs. antisense strand mRNA Gene Chromosome Genetics and progeny Translation Ribosome/ER/ribosomal subunits Start codon and stop codon tRNA and anticodons Amino acids and the degeneracy of the code Polyribosomes Mutations Point mutations - mis-sense and non-sense Frameshift reading errors - insertion or deletion errors Detection of mutations Positive selection techniques - Ames test Negative selection techniques - Replica plating Base-pair mutations due to nitrous oxide Pyrimidine dimerization due to UV light exposure Bacterial recombination Transformation Transduction Generalized Specialized Abortive Conjugation Plasmid vs. Episome Hfr cells Recombinant F- cells Genetic engineering Steps involved, organism used (E. coli), products made Foodborne Diseases Body systems involved - digestive system Intoxication vs. Infections Endotoxin  Exotoxins Enterotoxin Neurotoxin Foodborne vs. Waterborne transmission cycle Danger Zone of temperature for food borne illnesses Prevention and Treatment Predisposing factors Diseases covered to include: Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, botulism, Staph. aureus, Shigella, cholera, typhoid, paralytic shellfish poisoning, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter and others. Food microbiology Common treatment and control measures Criteria for food spoilage and contamination Food preservation measures Normal Flora (NF) of the Human Body Sterile body areas Areas with populations of NF Resident NF Transient NF How NF is obtained after birth Vaginal vs. C-section birth Body contact with others Routine feedings Benefits of NF Endogenous infections Survey of various body areas and their normal flora Skin Body orifices GI tract Respiratory tract Genitourinary tract Circulatory and nervous systems Immunology Host-Parasite relationship Pathogenicity and virulence Colonization vs. Infection vs. Disease Pathogenic virulence factors Structural Enzymatic or toxigenic Host Defense Mechanisms First line (non-specific) Second line (non-specific) Third line (acquired, specific immunity) Cell mediated vs. Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity Role of T and B lymphocytes Central role macropha ges Cell lines Helper, cytotoxic, delayed hypersensitivity and memory T cells B cells, plasma cells and B memory cells Dendritic cells Cytokines Types of immunity Natural vs. Artificial Active vs. Passive Principles of vaccination Dynamics of the immune response - primary vs. secondary (memory) response Types of vaccine preparations killed attenuated synthetic peptides antigenic fractions Nosocomial Infections Danger to public, risk to patient Procedures and organisms involved Prevention Epidemiology Role of epidemiologist in society today Factors monitored Mortality Morbidity Case fatality Prevalence Incidence Role of the microbiology lab in epidemiology - types of tests available Hierarchy of governmental agencies Orange County Department of Health California State Department of Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) World Health Organization (WHO) Hospital Infection Control Committees

Lab Content

Laboratory Exercises and Experiments   Microscopy Aseptic technique procedures - flaming, smear prep and wet mounts Bacterial stains: Simple, Gram, Acid-fast, Schaeffer Fulton Endospore, Capsule, Negative Quadrant Streak plates Environmental Cultures Anaerobic Culture Methods Bacterial Population Counts

Method(s) of Instruction

• Lecture (02)
• DE Live Online Lecture (02S)
• Lab (04)
• DE Live Online Lab (04S)

Instructional Techniques

1. Application of reading assignments and lecture subjects to laboratory exercises. 2.  Instructor demonstration of basic microbiology lab techniques including aseptic technique, staining and isolation of microbes, biochemical identification tests, food and water microbiology tests and various enumeration procedures. 3.  Laboratory work done individually, in pairs and small groups to facilitate understanding, independence and cooperation. 4.  Slide, transparency and real life material presented to illustrate lecture material. 5.  Up to date videos on various microbiological topics displaying the relevance of class to everyday life are included and critiqued by student in lab notebooks 6.  Students are encouraged to learn in an open and interactive lab environment, with the same instructor as they have in lecture if at all possible.  This allows for free exchange of ideas and concepts, giving students a condusive atmosphere in which to test their new knowledge and skills.  Close interaction with fellow students and Teacher Assistants (TAs) also gives students the chance to discuss and apply their knowledge in a group setting.

Reading Assignments

Textbook reading (2-3 hrs/wk)

Writing Assignments

1. Written essays on lecture exams. 2. Written answers on lab quizzes to demonstrate understanding of lab procedures and protocols. 3. Written lab notebooks requiring critical and analytical interpretation and evaluation of data obtained in lab experiments. 4. Written term paper on a topic chosen by the instructor, such as immunology, genetics, viral disease, vaccination, cancer, autoimmune disease, etc  (3-4 hrs/wk)

Out-of-class Assignments

Online assignments (1 hr/wk)

Demonstration of Critical Thinking

Examinations on lecture material including short essays, multiple choice, true/false, matching, fill in the blanks and short answer questions. Pre-lab questions to ensure lab exercises are read before class. Demonstration of proper lab techniques essential to safe and standard microbiology lab procedures. Lab notebooks that include introduction, data, discussion and critique of lab results, and illustrations of organisms seen in lab. Daily class discussions in lab to interpret and analyze both individual and class data. Practical and written lab exams twice during the semester. Written paper on a topic pertinent to the study of microbiology; including immunology, virology, or other current topic chosen by instructor.

Required Writing, Problem Solving, Skills Demonstration

1.  Written essays on lecture exams. 2.  Written answers on lab quizzes to demonstrate understanding of lab procedures and protocols. 3.  Written lab notebooks requiring critical and analytical interpretation and evaluation of data obtained in lab experiments. 4.  Written term paper on a topic chosen by the instructor, such as immunology, genetics, viral disease, vaccination, cancer, autoimmune disease, etc.

Eligible Disciplines

Biological sciences: Masters degree in any biological science OR bachelors degree in any biological science AND masters degree in biochemistry, biophysics, or marine science OR the equivalent. Masters degree required.

Textbooks Resources

1. Required Talaro, Kathleen. Foundations in Microbiology, 10th ed. Chicago: McGraw Hill, 2018 Rationale: - 2. Required Tortora, Funke and Case. Microbiology and Introduction, 13th ed. Pearson Publishing, 2019 3. Required Leboffe and Pierce. Microbiology Theory and Application, 4 ed. Morton Publishing, 2015 4. Required Marjorie Kelly Cowan. Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2019